Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Islamic Jurisprudence

ہے کہ AI کو مستند عالم، مفتی یا ذمہ دار فیصلہ ساز کا متبادل قرار نہیں دینا چاہیے۔ ## English Study ## New tools, enduring questions Artificial intelligence creates questions

about responsibility, evidence, privacy, employment, bias, and the manipulation of public opinion. Islamic legal and ethical analysis begins with established principles rather than assuming that a technology is inherently good

or bad. The ruling on a particular use depends on purpose, effects, contractual terms, and foreseeable harms. ## Justice and non-harm Systems used in hiring, lending, healthcare, education, or public

services can reproduce discrimination when their data or objectives are flawed. The ethical duties of justice (Qur'an 4:135), verification (49:6), and avoiding unjust harm support testing, documentation, appeal mechanisms, and

accountability for consequential decisions. ## Privacy and trust Personal data should not be collected merely because it is technically available. Consent, purpose limitation, secure storage, and protection from surveillance or

humiliation are essential considerations. Religious content also requires source attribution and clear separation between verified quotations and generated paraphrase. ## Human responsibility AI cannot replace a qualified mufti, physician, judge,

or accountable decision-maker. Organisations should disclose meaningful limitations, audit outputs, monitor misuse, and provide human review. Generated religious rulings must not be presented as binding fatwas. ## References Qur'an 4:135,

17:36, 49:6; the legal maxims concerning harm and public interest as treated in recognised usul al-fiqh works. Specific applications require qualified interdisciplinary review.